The Indirect (p,d) Process

Disentangling the Direct and Indirect Effects of the Initiative Process

A large literature documents that initiative states choose different policies than noninitiative states, but little is known about why the policies are different. Do initiatives change policy directly by overriding representatives, or indirectly by providing a threat that alters legislative behavior? This paper develops an empirical strategy to quantify the direct and indirect effects by compar...

Process rates and aerosol indirect effects

Determining the Optimum Process Mean for an Indirect Quality Characteristic

The distribution of quality characteristic of a product is usually assumed to be known. In some situation, the quality characteristic of a product cannot be measured directly. It needs to be measured by controlling another factor. Wen and Mergen (1999) presented a method for determining the optimum process mean in order to minimize the expected total loss of a product. However, they have not co...

Ultrasound-Assisted Pd Activation Process for Electroless Silver Plating

An ultrasound-assisted activation method for electroless silver plating is presented in this study. When the ultrasound was applied during the activation step, the amount of the Pd species adsorbed on substrate surfaces was higher than that of sample pretreated with a conventional activation process without ultrasound irradiation. With this activation method, it was also shown that the adsorbed...

PD Compression: A Quasi-Static or Dynamic Process?

Gas compression in a positive displacement (PD) type piston engine, or piston compressor, has long been modeled as a quasi-static process in which the piston is assumed to move infinitely slow inside a cylinder. The gas compression mechanism is therefore regarded as being governed by the basic thermodynamic principles. Energy transfer is accomplished quasi-statically with a piston reducing the ...